Niemeyer: La poética de una experimentación creadora
Abstract
Resumen
La arquitectura se ha caracterizado a lo largo de su desarrollo
histórico por la interacción entre sentimiento y razón. Si el
Movimiento Moderno se caracterizó por apelar a los fundamentos
racionales del diseño, en este siglo XXI, la libertad formal
contenida en las obras recientes, apela con mayor fuerza al
sentimiento. En el estudio de la obra del arquitecto brasileño
Oscar Niemeyer, se verifica a lo largo de su trayectoria de casi un
siglo, un equilibrio entre las dos tendencias citadas. Si bien, en
su inicio, aplicaba ortodoxamente los Cinco Puntos enunciados
por Le Corbusier, a partir de los años cuarenta, al diseñar el
conjunto de obras de Pampulha en Minas Gerais, comenzó a
incursionar en las formas libres curvas permitidas por el uso de
las cáscaras de hormigón armado. A partir de entonces, su obra
se caracterizó por la racionalidad estructural y la libertad
compositiva de formas y espacios, tales como se concretaron
en el conjunto de Ibirapuera en San Pablo y en el climax inventivo
de las obras construidas en Brasília, en el Congreso Nacional y
en la Catedral. Este ensayo, analiza el proceso de diseño utilizado
por Niemeyer en las obras citadas.
Palabras clave: Niemeyer, arquitectura brasileña, teoría de la arquitectura,
metodología de proyecto.
Abstract
Throughout its historical development architecture could be
characterized by the interaction between emotion and reason.
Modernism was branded for its relation to the rational
foundations of design; however, in this century, the formal
freedom of recent buildings, seems to strongly appeal to the
power of emotion. Studying the work of Brazilian architect Oscar
Niemeyer it is possible to observe a balance between the
two trends mentioned above along a professional career of
nearly a century. In his begining Le Corbusier's Five Points
were orthodoxly applied; nonetheless in the forties, when
designing a series of buildings in Pampulha, Minas Gerais,
he started to experiment with free-form curves extending the
use of reinforced concrete shells. Since then, his work is
characterized by structural rationality and free composition of
forms and spaces, such as materialized in Ibirapuera, Sao
Paulo, reaching a creative climax with innovative edifices in
Brasilia as the Congress and the Cathedral. This essay
explores the design process used by Niemeyer in those
buildings.
Key words: Niemeyer, brazilian architecture, theory of architecture,
methodology of design.
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